AIDS: clinical pictures



Oral hairy leucoplakia (OHL)
is a very typical clinical picture in HIV-infected persons and often presages an imminent transition to the AIDS stage.
(© D. Lynch, Univ. of Texas, Houston)
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Kaposi’s sarcoma
in the palate of an AIDS patient who survived for about another six months.
(© D. Lynch, Univ. of Texas, Houston)
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Early Kaposi’s sarcoma in the skin
(© H.J. Leu, Patholog. Institut Univ. Zürich)
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Advanced Kaposi’s sarcoma
with marked lymphostatic oedema in a patient’s face.
(© J.H. Frenkel, Univ.-Zahnklinik Frankfurt)
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Pronounced emaciation
(cachexia, marasmus) in a young man who died of AIDS with dry, atrophically thinned and discoloured skin and individual foci of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
(© F.D. Göbel, Medizin. Poliklinik Univ. München)
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“Radiographic of a patient with Pneumocystis carinii.”
(© JWM Gold, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York)
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Immunology / virology images

Electron micrograph of mature HIV particles
(© H.R. Gelderblom, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin)
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Three-dimensional model of a mature HIV particle
(© H.R. Gelderblom, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin)
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Electron micrograph of the start of budding of a new HIV particle on the cell surface.
(© H.R. Gelderblom, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin)
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Electron micrograph of a new HIV particle budding on the surface of a cell.
(© H.R. Gelderblom, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin)
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The (less "cunning") herpes virus replicates so vigorously and so rapidly that the cell normally bursts ("replication burst"); this is usually attended by acute symptoms and can hardly take place unnoticed.
(Lennart Nilsson, Karolinska Inst., Stockholm)
© Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
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Infected helper T-cell; the small blue globules are HIV particles.
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The lifecycle, i.e. the individual steps in HIV’s invasion and replication, in schematic form, projected into an infected helper T-cell.
(Photo of cell: Lennart Nilsson, Stockholm; Kolorierung: Gunnar Hägg, Flamingo, Göteborg; Graphik: Graphico, Hamburg)
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Four macrophages or "engulfing" cells. Macrophages are highly deformable cells. They are able to creep actively into the smallest gaps (and so also to penetrate the vascular walls, for example) and work their way into the most diverse tissue types. They form semiliquid projections which are used for motility and also for trapping pathogens and other foreign bodies.
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A macrophage extends a semiliquid projection (a so-called pseudopodium) towards some bacteria in the foreground.
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Photo by Lennart Nilsson, Karolinska Inst., Stockholm
© Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
Verwendung nur für nichtkommerzielle Zwecke

A macrophage extends numerous pseudopodia towards some oil droplets.
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A macrophage extends a long, thin projection towards a foreign protein body.
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A series of images shows (top left to bottom right) the process – called phagocytosis – by which some bacteria are ingested by a macrophage
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A macrophage has clearly overreached itself in attempting to ingest a fragment of stone which, firstly, is surely too big for it and which, secondly, it lacks the necessary enzymes to digest. The picture nevertheless illustrates impressively how foreign bodies are recognised as such and relentlessly attacked by the macrophages – without doubt one the most important mechanisms for keeping the body contamination-free.
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Tests and Medication (overview)

HIV rapid test
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HIV rapid test
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“Western Blot” confirmatory test
The “Western Blot” confirmatory test (RIPA and IFA may also be similarly used) indicates against which antigens there are antibodies present here and is thus much more reliable and so “more specific” for HIV infection.
(H.R. Gelderblom, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin)
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Laboratory materials
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Antiviral drugs
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Figures / statistics / graphics

UNAIDS estimates that, at the end of the year 2007, 30.6–36.1 million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS.
www.unaids.org
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The first heterosexual chain of infections published worldwide in a town of about 50,000 inhabitants in northern Sweden. In 1979 contact with prostitutes in Haiti gave rise to at least 9 cases of infection; this only came to light in routine blood-donor checks.
(C. Franzén, Sundsvall)
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Change in life expectancy due to the AIDS epidemic in African countries. These curves demonstrate starkly the fall in life expectancy in these countries over the last 15 years.
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HIV-epidemic in numbers
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